The Primary motor cortex located or M1 is located on the precentral gyrus and on the paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain. The primary function of the motor cortex is to generate signals to direct the movement of the body. The motor cortex is an area of the frontal lobe located in the posterior precentral gyros immediately anterior to the central sulcus.

(1) The functions of this area are control of posture during your movements.

(2) Controlling coordination between body parts on both sides of the body.

(3) Controlling sequences of motor movements

The motor cortex is an area within within the cerebral cortex of the brain that is involved in planning, control and execution of voluntary movements. The motor cortex can be divided into the Primary Motor Cortex, and the NON PRIMARY Cortex. The Primary Cortex is critical for initiating motor movement.

Research shows that Broca Area located in the Frontal Cortex plans the process of speech by interacting by interacting with the Temporal Cortex, where sensory information, such as vision, smell, amydala our little almond shaped emotion machine, is processed and the motor cortex which controls the movement of the mouth muscles. For example: An actor saying in his planned speech of Shakespeare….”to be or not to be. That is the question.” The John Hopkins Hospital is doing a lot of research in this area of speech. Its evidence in research is shown on the Internet.

The motor cortex controls motor behavior, like an finger moving, leg moving,  bowel moving, arm moving, eyes blinking,  etc. and planning from specific signals and transmitting them through spinal chord circuits and motonuerons to the muscles. These areas coordinate precise action patterns in space, and these are accurate and necessary for movement execution. The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls walking, dancing, for fine motor movement, balance and the brain’s ability to determine limb position. I think of Celine’s dance movements and how precise she had to be in dance numbers as an example. And if these nuclei are destabilized from proteins miss-folding, how does her brain possibly operate her movements, and planning for execution of her dance numbers? She cannot. The primary motor cortex is in charge of of the basic motor functions including walking, timing, running, kicking, throwing, as it sends electrical and chemical impulses through the spinal chord which results in movements. Moreover, it contains a mental map of your specific DNA and body represented in the form of a homunculus.

Wernicke’s area of the brain contains motor neurons involved in the comprehension of speech. Wernicke’s area is in the posterior area located in located in the posterior third of the upper Temporal convolution of the left hemisphere of the brain. Thus it lies close to the Auditory Cortex and this area is associated with the comprehension of speech sounds and is considered to be the receptive language, or the language comprehension center. Broca’s and Wernicke’s area s are cortical areas specialized in production and comprehension respectively of human language. Broca’s area is found in the  left inferior frontal gyrus and Wernicke’s area is located in the left posterior of the superior Temporal gyrus. The Primary Motor Cortex on the left side of the brain controls the right side of the brain, and the Primary Cortex on the Right of the brain controls the left side of the brain.

The functions of Memory and patterns are carried out by the hippocampus and other related structures in the Temporal lobe. The Frontal lobes are considered our emotional center and home to our personality and is involved in motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgements,  impulse control and social and sexual behavior.

Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the arcuate fasciculus. Damage to this area called ARCUATE FASCICULUS IS CALLED CONDUCTION APHASIA.

The primary motor cortex, Brodmann’s area 4, is an obvious starting point. It sends direct projections to the spinal cord and is unique among cortical areas in that it possesses reciprocal connections with all of the pre-motor regions that project to the spinal cord.The 4 Motor areas of the cerebral cortex comprises of three different areas of the frontal lobe: the primary motor cortex (Brodmann’s area 4), the Pre-motor Cortex, and the Supplementary Motor area. The Primary Motor Cortex (M1, or Somatomotor area) occupies a large portion of the Precentral Gyrus (Brodmann area 4) and typically executes movements that are selected and planned by other areas of the brain. This area includes part of Area 6. It is responsible for executing motor movements, which includes contra-lateral finger/hand/wrist or oro-facial movements, learned motor patterned sequences , patterned breathing control, and eye blinking  It is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe.  Brodmann area 4 is a part that borders the  area of the precentral sulcus, in front anteriorly,  the medial longitudinal fissure at the top medially of the central sulcus in back (posteriorly), and the lateral sulcus along the bottom laterally. Brodman area 4 1909 refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal lobe of the Guenon. It is located predominantly in the Precentral Gyrus. Area 4 occupies a much greater fraction of the frontal lobe in the monkey than in the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): the cortex is unusually thick; the layers are not distinct; the cells are relatively sparsely distributed; giant pyramidal Betz cells are present in the internal pyramidal layer.  The lack of an internal  granular layer is such that the boundary between the external pyramidal layer is indistinct, giving a gradual transition from the multiform layer to sub cortical white matter.

Celine Dion and Bruce Willis have damaged affects from Covid 19, destabilizing the  nuclei in all these areas of the Motor Cortex of our brains.They are all complex connected systems. Once a movement has been planned by the brain areas responsible for executing movements of the muscles to execute action these signals are sent to the Motor Cortex and then onward down to the spinal cord and others travel by more direct routes until movement occurs when the signals reach the Muscle fibers causing contractions. Singing, walking, talking speaking, planning, dancing, acting, memory are all involved with these processes.

Carolyn d Hogarth from Canada. This day of March 22, 2023.

Health of a biosphere, when these tiny creatures appear.