Sound vibrations are turned into electrical impulses in the Cochlea and from there they travel through to the auditory cortex and it’s associated areas, via the medula and the Thalamus. Hearing like seeing is a construct of the brain evolution.”Reality”

We perceive sound as vibrations entering the ears in the inner ear receptor cells in the Cochlea, transforming those vibrations into electrical signals or synapses, which go along the Cochlear nerve to the medula in the brain stem and then into the interior Colliculus. The Cochlear nerve fibres divide so most of the input from each ear can go to the left and right hemispheres of the brain. 

Processing enables the brain to determine the location of where the location of the sound. The signals reach the auditory cortex via the thalamus. where features like frequency, intensity, quality, and meaning are perceived. The left auditory cortex is more concerned with meaning and identification of sound; the right hemisphere with quality. The medial geniculate body is part of the thalamus, the receiver of the signal. Sound that is received by the left hemisphere is processed by the Cochlear nerve and travels to the medula in the brainstem. In the brainstem,  it locates in space the source of sound, how far away it is, what direction it comes from by sound localization. The input to each ear in the left and right hemispheres reach from side to side in 1/2 a second difference,  before the furthest ear receives it. 

Areas in the Olivary nuclei, in the brain stem compare the input from both ears “binaural input,” and the delay to find that source. So in the brain stem there is the Ventral Cochlea nuclei, lateral Superior olive, Medula Superior Olive,  Medial Superior of the trapezoid body, the right Medial Superior Olive, the Right Lateral Superior Olive, and the Cochlear nerve and nucleus moving from the left hemisphere to the right the example. So specialized bushy cells in the Ventral Cochlea nucleus receives signals, via the Cochlea nerve, the neurons in each Cochlea nuclei are “Monaural.” They receive input only from the nearest ear, 1/2 a second difference in time, it takes for the opposite ear to receive from the Cochlear nucleus furthest away. 

Signals sent to the Medial Superior Olive forwarding signals or impulses passed from the nearest Cochlea nuclei, to the Lateral Superior Olive, to the far side crossing over from the far away left hemisphere Cochlear Nuclei to the trapezoid body toward the other side, the right hemisphere. 

The neurons in the Medial Superior Olive crossing over respond quickly to incoming input, or signals. Their short firing times enable them to discern the differences between the timing of signals originating from each ear. Inhibitory signals come from the Left hemisphere crossing over to the right hemisphere via the Cochlear nucleus acting as a trigger to turn impulses from excitatory to inhibitory to stop synapses. Out of control synapses can cause seizures, so inhibitory signals are important. The signals are then passed on to the Lateral Superior Olive. In this process of comparing cells in the Lateral Superior Olive, input is received from both hemisphere Cochlear nuclei and they respond with a level of excitation or inhibitors with dependency of intensity from signals from each hemispheric Cochlear Nuclei.

On pathways in the brain impulses from the lower brain stem passing through to the Inferior Colliculus of the mid brain in a complex group of pathways called the Lateral lemniscus, then to the “Thalamus,” for further processing. 

Sound consists of waves, vibrations, whose characteristics are determined by the source of the waves. The main characteristics are determined by the source of the waves. The main characteristics are determined by influencing our perception of frequency, and number of vibrations per second and amplitude the size of the “waves , peaks, and troughs.” 

Frequency influences pitch and amplitude governs loudness. Irregular patterns are experienced as irritating noise. Music produces patterns, fractals, and the quality dependent instrument, which is dependent on quality of frequencies heard, in the Primary Auditory Area that respond to frequencies and the secondary areas that respond to harmony, rhythm, while the tertiary area adds higher levels of appreciation and integration. 

The auditory areas have specific areas associated with frequencies and the tertiary regions tune into more complex aspects of sound perception. Music produces more pronounced activity on the right hemispheric side of the brain, of the homo sapien cortex.

So there are 3 regions of the Auditory Cortex;

(1) Primary Cortex

(2) Secondary Cortex

(3) Tertiary Cortex

Listening to Mozart in the womb is a mood arousal,  and has been proven to make a difference in sound experiences. Hearing development is a gradual process that begins in the womb and is completed during the first year. The unborn child is capable of hearing in the fourth month. At birth hearing is the most developed of sense intake areas of the tiny homo sapien. It is the prime area for baby to respond to it’s environment. The child can differentiate between speech, non speech and can put meaning to words fairly quickly. 

On page 62 of in Rita Carter’s book of “The Human Brain,” the brain stem anatomy shows the medula position, the Superior Colliculus, in line with the Thalamus, to understand the space in the brain, and the pathways up to the cortex areas, 22, 38, 41, 42, of the Temporal Lobe which are shown on page 66. 

The structure of the pathways of association pathways, Commissural pathways, and Projection pathways are clear. Then you have neurons associated with initiation and inhibitory, or sense intake from electromagneticvibrational potential, to kinetic movement,  but also inhibitory neurons to inhibit potential. 

Area 22, is the Superior Temporal gyrus, and 38, 41, 42, is the Orbital gyri, and  this is shown on page 66 of the “The Human Brain,” by Rita Carter. 

Let me reiterate at this place of my writing that seeing is like hearing a construct of the brain. It is a system of transferring waves. So the Organ of Corti the mechanical vibration of sound transforms into electrical signals via hair cells in the Organ of Corti, that travel through the Cochlear nerve to the Cochlear nuclei, into the Superior Olive, into the Inferior Colliculus in the Primary Auditory Cortex, through the Thalamus into areas 38, 41, 42, now articulated by me, via my executive function area of the brain, for coherence of pathologies of the brain stimulated by sense intake, and memory. It is not just a conceptual reality, but reality. 

Carolyn d Hogatth

Jeanette Norden “Understanding the Brain,” 

Along with Rita Carter, “The Human Brain.” 

and all associated learning, from a conglomerate of surrogate parents for me to grow up. 😉

P.S the last frontier and the one that unifies us all. there is the same process in every human being. Any particle can only be measured in energy magnetic, and vibration, potential and kinetic movement. To measure something like outcomes, before it occurs, is done with no proof.  CDH These processes are proven by researchers and Universities from around the world. “Unified” Sense intake and our responses.